Essay on The Danger of Subliminal Advertising - 1438 Words

In modern society, advertisements and the media bombard Americans every single day. Television advertisements, movies, radio, and even Spam mail have become a daily part of the lives of many citizens. However, most people do not realize the sinister methods advertisers and corporations employ with the media in order to obtain a profit. The use of subliminal and negative advertising has increased immensely and shows no plan of stopping anytime soon. This dangerous ploy manipulates the public and causes individuals to subconsciously crave a product or service. It is integral that society understands the jeopardy of this malicious form of propaganda and begins to take a stand against it for the sake of citizens’ privacy. Advertisers have†¦show more content†¦Some groups, such as the California-based Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics (CCLE), believes that current advertising methods and neuromarketing are methods to express thoughts (â€Å"Marketing’s Mind C ontrol†). In addition, Gemma Calvert, co-founder of Neurosense, a group pioneering the use of MRI technology in market research, believe that neuromarketing simply improves upon advertising and poses no major threat (â€Å"Marketing’s Mind Control†). But if these small changes are not monitored, the situation will escalate until media openly dictates the thoughts of people. Consequently, the propaganda must be checked to prevent such a scenario. In some cases, controversial and invasive media can take the form of what is considered art, such as a film or play (Sardar 4). Individuals will claim that the work is a form of free speech even if it contains subliminal messaging. The government does not approve of subliminal messaging that takes place in such outlets, as the FTC Act Section Five â€Å"prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices in interstate commerce† (Lechnar). Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to act upon this law because individual s responsible for the piece will deny that subliminal messages are present, making it more difficult for the government to prevent subliminal messaging. Even if one is trying to make a point, he or she shouldShow MoreRelatedThe Effectiveness Of Subliminal Advertising1340 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBLIMINAL ADVERTISING Is there any evidence that companies can make us buy products using subliminal processing? Student ID- U3144007 Assessment detail - Literature Review Word count - 1200 IS THERE ANY EVIDENCE THAT COMPANIESRead More Subliminal perception Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesMessages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When we think about subliminal perception we usually think of a big publicity stunt for a company. What many people don’t know is that subliminal perception can really be effective. Any person might say, â€Å"Naw, I can’t fall for that I’m not stupid enough to fall into their trap.† For most other cases subliminal perception will attack a person in their sub-conscious state of mind. In one form or anther, subliminal perception takes many forms. It could be presented inRead MoreAdvertisements are Mental Pollutants641 Words   |  3 Pagesargument about advertising. We need to change our views of advertising and fully recognize its powerful and collective effects. Focus groups and other forms of testing have proven that the majority of ads are useless and unsuccessful. â€Å"It’s been estimated that 80 to 85 percent of all advertising is neither consciously seen or remembered by the consuming public,† yet it is still in our brains. Nonetheless, there is a direct connection between an individual’s exposure to advertising and their productRead MoreSubliminal Advertising : Subliminal Advertisement2704 Words   |  11 Pagescorporations? Subliminal marketing involves the idea that an advertiser can display words or images during a commercial or broadcast so briefly that the viewer does not consciously notice them, but will still be subconsciously affected by them (Dwilson). Individuals are scared that they can be influenced like this, without being aware of it. But in reality, does Subliminal Advertising work? The first question some might ask is what is Subliminal Advertising? The phrase subliminal advertising refers toRead MoreThe Tactics Used By The Media3506 Words   |  15 Pageswhat we are told, despite whether or not need or even want the products that are being displayed to us. One of the brilliant tactics used by corporations is called subliminal messaging. Webster’s Dictionary defines the word subliminal as, â€Å"Relating to things that influence your mind in a way that you do not notice.† (1) Subliminal advertising is a means of altering the consumers’ mind sets without them being consciously aware of it. Our society is riddled with corporations and individuals that use thisRead MoreThe Deceptive Language Game Played by Politics and Government692 Words   |  3 PagesOrwell’s quote from his book: â€Å"Politics and the English Language†, points now more than ever, of what has become a serious dilemma within our society: the corruption of ho nesty, and the curbing of clear thinking which is achieved through the use of subliminal images and deceptive language in order to support the agendas of multi-billion dollar corporations own hidden agendas. Running the news is not an old game in any part of the world, but things are becoming uncontrollable and are getting out of handRead MoreThe Impact of Advertising in Our Daily Lives Student Essay.2798 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction: Advertising  is  a form of  communication  whose  purpose  is to  fix  the attention of  a  target to induce the  desired  behavior:  purchase  product,  election  of a  politician,  encouraging environment..  Advertising,  to make  public  action  or statement  of  what  is  public  has come to mean  all  modern  means used  to  publicize  a product,  an  industrial or commercial  to1830. Advertising  does  influence  our  consumption? Indeed,  advertising  influences  our  choices as consumers,  initially  targeting  its messageRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Dangers Of Power Through A Totalitarian Government1186 Words   |  5 Pages When an author writes a novel, the theme is the recurring lesson or message that is either symbolically hidden or boldly stated throughout the story. While writing 1984, George Orwell strongly displayed the theme of the dangers of power through a totalitarian government. Not only were Orwell’s ideas of corruption in an all-powerful government portrayed in his novel, 1984, but comparisons can be made with the story’s points of a spying authority, keeping the lower class ignorant, and an unscrupulousRead MoreNegative Influence of Advertising1524 Words   |  7 PagesNegative influence of advertising on society Advertising by definition is a paid form of  communication  intended to  persuade  an audience (viewers, readers or listeners) to purchase or take some action upon products, ideas, or services. We are taken  into what the advertisers exactly want us to do - buy their products. Advertisements in themselves are not bad. They do perform an important  role in the society and that is the promotion of products and services  so that people will become aware ofRead MoreEffects of Cartoon on Children2049 Words   |  9 Pagesdisorder and, in one infamous case of the Pokemon show in Japan, seizures. Regardless of the effects, children must have a balanced lifestyle that includes exercise and outdoor activity. Violence * Many cartoons depict scenes of violence or danger, yet whitewash the effects of that violence. For instance, a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle may beat up a bad guy in one scene, only to see that bad guy appear unharmed in the next scene. Without proper lessons to counterbalance those effects, children

College Tuition Or Student Loans - 1371 Words

In order to be successful in the workforce, having a powerful career there are things needed like higher education. Graduating from college is essential to finding a successful job, since more jobs are making college degree a requirement, more people are going to college. The problem is the cost of going to college outweighs the earning from the career you obtain. Very little people are able to pay for college out of pocket. In 2014, 42% of undergraduates paid for college out of pocket (Sallie Mae). The result of this is that students seeking higher education are forced to take out loans. On average, college students borrows $25,000 to earn their degrees (Alexandria). I just don t get the concept of college tuition or student loans. It†¦show more content†¦Increased tuitions are results of a variety of factors. Shrinkage of state budget and low endowments cause by the recession forcing colleges to make up the cost somehow (Lee). The government has increased their support du ring the recession. For example, in the form of Pell Grants which doubled over the years. Andrew Kelly, director of the Center on Higher Education Reform at the American Enterprise Institute, writes â€Å"... the increase of federal spending has been completely eroded by the rising tuition prices†(Bidwell). Higher tuition defeats the purpose of the federal government increasing their support. Americans have amassed more than $1.3 trillion of student loan debt (Clements). A lot of graduates are postponing life events like having kids, buying a house, to deal with the debt. About 14% of student are in default. Default means failing to make payments on your loan as scheduled. Defaults usually results in larger loan balances. With this upcoming election, it s crucial for candidates to address student loan debt and their solutions. As a potential voter, it’s important I select the candidate that will benefits me and get rid of my loan debt. Hillary Clinton decided to take the pro borrowers stance. She want to assist borrowers and help them with repaying back the loans. Clinton always fought to make college affordable through her whole political career. Started from expanding studentsShow MoreRelatedThe Cultural And Global Impact Of College Tuition And Student Loan Debt1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cultural and Global Impact of College Tuition and Student Loan Debt Introduction College debt is quickly rising as more students pursue a postsecondary education. Tuition is growing at a rate higher than inflation, thus forcing many students to make up the gap between income and tuition through loans (Houle). However, cultural factors must be considered before a young adult makes a decision about higher education. The type of postsecondary education one pursues, if any, is determined by manyRead MoreSchool Tuition : Government s Perspective1643 Words   |  7 PagesYang 2/5/16 p.7 Word Count:1,550 School Tuition: Government’s perspective In the US, free education is available for everyone in the social class from the rich to the financially unstable. However, when students apply for community colleges, families are left with three choice: to pay the full cost of tuition, to apply for financial assistance, to apply for loans. Community college tuitions have been increasing from 1982, and since then it has been increasing moreRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography College Tuition 1697 Words   |  7 PagesBibliography: College Tuition Ayres, Ian. Why Californias Tuition Hike Might Be a Good Thing. Freakonomics RSS. Freakonomics, 23 Nov. 2009. Web. 07 Nov. 2014. According to this article the gap in college has become larger as of late because of students financial situations. Public universities cost on average one forth of private universities. The wealthier students benefit from this because of the way financial aid operates. When the tuition cost are raised it benefits the poorer students becauseRead MoreCollege Tuition1075 Words   |  5 Pageshave acknowledged them through correct documentation.† Student Loans Today college tuition prices are rising. Paying for college can often be a stressful responsibility. A college education is very important for many students, but when stressing on how to pay for college gets in the way, it becomes more of a burden. Kim Clark effectively states the rising prices of college tuition in her article, â€Å"The Surprising Causes of Those College Tuition Hikes.† Clark states that the cost of attending a publicRead MoreThe True Cost Of Education Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesdeciding how much money one will make. But, the cost for one’s future is increasing. According to College Board, college tuition has been skyrocketing. Presently, the average cost of attending private colleges is $47,405; whereas, in-state schools cost $9,410 and public universities cost $23,893 (Cohen). The cost may vary by where a student attends, and the cost is drastically changing. Although a college education is a dream that most people wish to accomplish, there ar e obstacles that may get in theRead MoreIncreasing Tuition Rates Cause Students1131 Words   |  5 PagesIncreasing tuition rates cause students to borrow more money which will impact their financial future should they have difficulty obtain a job in their chosen career field. Tutition costs began their rise in 1970s but it wasn’t until the 1980s that government funding began to decline and the tuition rates began their steady climb regularly outstripping the median family income. (Ehrenberg) The average cost of tuition at a four year pubic institution increased from to $2,387 per year in 1975-1976Read MoreThe Benefits Of College Tuition1285 Words   |  6 Pageshaving a college education. Life has gotten much harder and the job market has become more competitive without a four year degree. Having to work two or three jobs and both parents of the home working to put food on the table. People are barely making it with a bachelor’s degree now and are finding themselves needing a master’s degree to get a better job. College tuition has been increasing at a steady rate. Many students are finding themselves not having equal opportunity to attend college due theRead MoreCauses Of Student Debt902 Words   |  4 PagesThe term student debt has become a bit controversial in todays world; it strikes fear into the hearts of students and parents alike. This is because student debt is increasing at an incredible rate and everyone agrees that it is a major problem. Many solutions have been proposed to fix this problem, yet nothing has been done. This problem is projected to worsen in the near future. The causes of this are relatively simple and clear-cut. The increase in student debt is caused by a combination of factorsRead MoreAmerican University Should Seriously Consider Lowering Tuition Costs892 Words   |  4 Pagescost quite as much as NYU, tuition is still very high, even for in-state public schools. If tuition continues to rise, the amount of students that cannot afford to go to college will increase, and these students will not be able to achieve their full potential. Because of this, colleges and universities in America, particularly public colleges, need to reconsider the cost of tuition. One of the wonderful aspects about college is that students are able to choose what college they want to go to, as opposedRead MoreHigh School Vs. The Federal Government1327 Words   |  6 PagesAs a boy growing up my parents insisted that I would be attending college after I graduate high school. Aging through the years, the common perspective was to attend college unlike the viewpoint from the 80’s and earlier where not as many high school graduates attended college. This standard view for many families, like my own, is to put their son or daughter into college so that they may graduate with a degree and seek a career in the tough world as of late. In order to make this goal happen, many

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(44) " claimants as a full and concluding colony\." On December 3, 1984. In the metropolis of Bhopal, a cloud of toxic gases escaped from an American pesticide works, killing and wounding 1000s of people. When the noxious clouds cleared, the worst industrial catastrophe in history had taken topographic point. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bhopal Gas Tragedy Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now, Dominique Lapierre in her book â€Å" Five Past Midnight † brings the 100s of characters, struggles, and adventures together in an unforgettable narrative of love and hope. Introduction Union Carbide Corporation ( UCC ) was asked to construct a works for the industry of Sevin, a pesticide normally used throughout Asia. As portion of the trade, India ‘s authorities insisted that a important per centum of the investing semen from local stockholders. The authorities itself had a 22 % interest in the company ‘s subordinate, Union Carbide India Limited ( UCIL ) . The company built the works in Bhopal because of its cardinal location and entree to transport substructure. The specific site within the metropolis was zoned for light industrial and commercial usage, non for risky industry. The works was ab initio approved merely for preparation of pesticides from constituent chemicals, such as MIC imported from the parent company, in comparatively little measures. However, force per unit area from competition in the chemical industry led UCIL to implement â€Å" backward integrating † – the industry of natural stuffs and intermediate merchandises for preparation of the concluding merchandise within one installation. This was inherently a more sophisticated and risky procedure. In 1984, the works was fabricating Sevin at one one-fourth of its production capacity due to reduced demand for pesticides. Widespread harvest failures and dearth on the subcontinent in the 1980s led to increased liability and reduced capital for husbandmans to put in pesticides. Local directors were directed to shut the works and fix it for sale in July 1984 due to reduced profitableness. When no ready purchaser was found, UCIL made programs to level cardinal production units of the installation for cargo to another developing state. In the interim, the installation continued to run with safety equipment and processs far below the criterions found in its sister works in Institute, West Virginia. The local authorities was cognizant of safety jobs but was reticent to put heavy industrial safety and pollution control burdens on the fighting industry because it feared the economic effects of the loss of such a big employer. At 11.00 PM on December 2 1984, while most of the one million occupants of Bhopal slept, an operator at the works noticed a little leak of methyl isocyanate ( MIC ) gas and increasing force per unit area inside a storage armored combat vehicle. The vent-gas scrubber, a safety device interior decorator to neutralize toxic discharge from the MIC system, had been turned off three hebdomads prior. Apparently a faulty valve had allowed one ton of H2O for cleaning internal pipes to blend with 40 dozenss of MIC. A 30 ton infrigidation unit that usually served as a safety constituent to chill the MIC storage armored combat vehicle had been drained of its coolant for usage in another portion of the works. Pressure and heat from the vigorous exothermal reaction in the armored combat vehicle continued to construct. The gas flair safety system was out of action and had been for three months. At around 1.00 AM, December 3, loud rumble reverberated around the works as a safety valve gave manner di recting a plume of MIC gas into the early forenoon air. Within hours, the streets of Bhopal were littered with human cadavers and the carcases of American bisons, cattles, Canis familiariss and birds. An estimated 3,800 people died instantly, largely in the hapless slum settlement adjacent to the UCC works. Local infirmaries were shortly overwhelmed with the injured, a crisis farther compounded by a deficiency of cognition of precisely what gas was involved and what its effects were. It became one of the worst chemical catastrophes in history and the name Bhopal became synonymous with industrial calamity. Estimates of the figure of people killed in the first few yearss by the plume from the UCC works tally every bit high as 10,000, with 15,000 to 20,000 premature deceases reportedly happening in the subsequent two decennaries. The Indian authorities reported that more than half a million people were exposed to the gas. Several epidemiological surveies conducted shortly after the accident showed important morbidity and increased mortality in the open population. These informations are likely to under-represent the true extent of inauspicious wellness effects because many open persons left Bhopal instantly following the catastrophe ne’er to return and were hence lost to followup. Aftermath Immediately after the catastrophe, UCC began efforts to disassociate itself from duty for the gas leak. Its chief maneuver was to switch blameworthiness to UCIL, saying the works was entirely built and operated by the Indian subordinate. It besides fabricated scenarios affecting sabotage by antecedently unknown Sikh extremist groups and dissatisfied employees but this theory was impugned by legion independent beginnings. The toxic plume had hardly cleared when, on December 7, the first multi-billion dollar case was filed by an American lawyer in a U.S. tribunal. This was the beginning of old ages of legal intrigues in which the ethical deductions of the calamity and its affect on Bhopal ‘s people were mostly ignored. In March 1985, the Indian authorities enacted the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act as a manner of guaranting that claims originating from the accident would be dealt with quickly and equitably. The Act made the authorities the exclusive representative of the victims in legal proceedings both within and outside India. Finally all instances were taken out of the U.S. legal system under the opinion of the presiding American justice and placed wholly under Indian legal power much to the hurt of the injured parties. In a colony mediated by the Indian Supreme Court, UCC accepted moral duty and agreed to pay $ 470 million to the Indian authorities to be distributed to claimants as a full and concluding colony. You read "The Bhopal Gas Tragedy Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" The figure was partially based on the disputed claim that merely 3000 people died and 102,000 suffered lasting disablements. Upon denoting this colony, portions of UCC rose $ 2 per portion or 7 % in value. Had compensation in Bhopal been paid at the same rate that asbestosis victims where being awarded in US tribunals by defendant including UCC – which mined asbestos from 1963 to 1985 – the liability would hold been greater than the $ 10 billion the company was deserving and insured for in 1984. By the terminal of October 2003, harmonizing to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department, compensation had been awarded to 554,895 people for hurts received and 15,310 subsiste rs of those killed. The mean sum to households of the dead was $ 2,200. At every bend, UCC has attempted to pull strings, obfuscate and withhold scientific information to the hurt of victims. Even to this day of the month, the company has non stated precisely what was in the toxic cloud that enveloped the metropolis on that December dark. When MIC is exposed to 200A ° heat, it forms debauched MIC that contains the more deathly H nitrile ( HCN ) . There was clear grounds that the storage armored combat vehicle temperature did make this degree in the catastrophe. The reddish colour of blood and entrails of some victims were characteristic of acute nitrile toxic condition. Furthermore, many responded good to disposal of Na thiosulfate, an effectual therapy for nitrile toxic condition but non MIC exposure. UCC ab initio recommended usage of Na thiosulfate but withdrew the statement subsequently motivating suggestions that it attempted to cover up grounds of HCN in the gas leak. The presence of HCN was smartly denied by UCC and was a point of speculation am ong research workers. As farther abuse, UCC discontinued operation at its Bhopal works following the catastrophe but failed to clean up the industrial site wholly. The works continues to leak several toxic chemicals and heavy metals that have found their manner into local aquifers. Perilously contaminated H2O has now been added to the bequest left by the company for the people of Bhopal LESSONS LEARNED The events in Bhopal revealed that spread outing industrialisation in developing states without coincident development in safety ordinances could hold ruinous effects. The catastrophe demonstrated that apparently local jobs of industrial jeopardies and toxic taint are frequently tied to planetary market kineticss. UCC ‘s Sevin production works was built in Madhya Pradesh non to avoid environmental ordinances in the U.S. but to work the big and turning Indian pesticide market. However the mode in which the undertaking was executed suggests the being of a dual criterion for transnational corporations runing in developing states. Enforceable unvarying international operating ordinances for risky industries would hold provided a mechanism for significantly improved in safety in Bhopal. Even without enforcement, international criterions could supply norms for mensurating public presentation of single companies engaged in risky activities such as the industry of pesticides and other toxic chemicals in India. National authoritiess and international bureaus should concentrate on widely applicable techniques for corporate duty and accident bar as much in the underdeveloped universe context as in advanced industrial states. Specifically, bar should include hazard decrease in works location and design and safety statute law. Local authoritiess clearly can non let industrial installations to be situated within urban countries, irrespective of the development of land usage over clip. Industry and authorities need to convey proper fiscal support to local communities so they can supply medical and other necessary services to cut down morbidity, mortality and material loss in the instance of industrial accidents. Public wellness substructure was really weak in Bhopal in 1984. Tap H2O was available for merely a few hours a twenty-four hours and was of really hapless quality. With no working sewerage system, untreated human waste was dumped into two nearby lakes, one a beginning of imbibing H2O. The metropolis had four major infirmaries but there was a deficit of doctors and infirmary beds. There was besides no mass casualty exigency response system in topographic point in the metropolis. Existing public wellness substructure needs to be taken into history when risky industries choose sites for fabrication workss. Future direction of industrial development requires that appropriate resources be devoted to progress planning before any catastrophe occurs. Communities that do non possess substructure and proficient expertness to react adequately to such industrial accidents should non be chosen as sites for risky industry. Since 1984 Following the events of December 3 1984 environmental consciousness and activism in India increased significantly. The Environment Protection Act was passed in 1986, making the Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoEF ) and beef uping India ‘s committedness to the environment. Under the new act, the MoEF was given overall duty for administrating and implementing environmental Torahs and policies. It established the importance of incorporating environmental schemes into all industrial development programs for the state. However, despite greater authorities committedness to protect public wellness, woods, and wildlife, policies geared to developing the state ‘s economic system have taken precedency in the last 20 old ages. India has undergone enormous economic growing in the two decennaries since the Bhopal catastrophe. Gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) per capita has increased from $ 1,000 in 1984 to $ 2,900 in 2004 and it continues to turn at a rate of over 8 % per twelvemonth. Rapid industrial development has contributed greatly to economic growing but there has been important cost in environmental debasement and increased public wellness hazards. Since suspension attempts consume a big part of India ‘s GDP, MoEF faces an acclivitous conflict as it tries to carry through its authorization of cut downing industrial pollution. Heavy trust on coal-burning power workss and hapless enforcement of vehicle emanation Torahs have result from economic concerns taking precedency over environmental protection. With the industrial growing since 1984, there has been an addition in little graduated table industries ( SSIs ) that are clustered about major urban countries in India. There are by and large less rigorous regulations for the intervention of waste produced by SSIs due to less waste coevals within each single industry. This has allowed SSIs to dispose of untreated effluent into drainage systems that flow straight into rivers. New Delhi ‘s Yamuna River is exemplifying. Perilously high degrees of heavy metals such as lead, Co, Cd, chrome, Ni and Zn have been detected in this river which is a major supply of drinkable H2O to India ‘s capital therefore presenting a possible wellness hazard to the people populating at that place and countries downstream. Land pollution due to uncontrolled disposal of industrial solid and risky waste is besides a job throughout India. With rapid industrialisation, the coevals of industrial solid and risky waste has increased appreciably and the environmental impact is important. India relaxed its controls on foreign investing in order to submit to WTO regulations and thereby attract an increasing flow of capital. In the procedure, a figure of environmental ordinances are being rolled back as turning foreign investings continue to turn over in. The Indian experience is comparable to that of a figure of developing states that are sing the environmental impacts of structural accommodation. Exploitation and export of natural resources has accelerated on the subcontinent. Prohibitions against turn uping industrial installations in ecologically sensitive zones have been eliminated while preservation zones are being stripped of their position so that pesticide, cement and bauxite mines can be built. Heavy trust on coal-burning power workss and hapless enforcement of vehicle emanation Torahs are other effects of economic concerns taking precedency over environmental protection. In March 2001, occupants of Kodaikanal in southern India caught the Anglo-Dutch company, Unilever, red-handed when they discovered a garbage dump with toxic quicksilver laced waste from a thermometer mill run by the company ‘s Indian subordinate, Hindustan Lever. The 7.4 ton reserve of mercury-laden glass was found in lacerate tonss sloping onto the land in a bit metal pace located near a school. In the autumn of 2001, steel from the ruins of the World Trade Center was exported to India seemingly without first being tested for taint from asbestos and heavy metals present in the twin tower dust. Other illustrations of hapless environmental stewardship and economic considerations taking precedency over public wellness concerns abound. The Bhopal catastrophe could hold changed the nature of the chemical industry and caused a redirect examination of the necessity to bring forth such potentially harmful merchandises in the first topographic point. However the lessons of ague and chronic effects of exposure to pesticides and their precursors in Bhopal has non changed agricultural pattern forms. An estimated 3 million people per twelvemonth suffer the effects of pesticide poisoning with most exposure happening in the agricultural development universe. It is reported to be the cause of at least 22,000 deceases in India each twelvemonth. In the province of Kerala, important mortality and morbidity have been reported undermentioned exposure to Endosulfan, a toxic pesticide whose usage continued for 15 old ages after the events of Bhopal. Aggressive selling of asbestos continues in developing states as a consequence of limitations being placed on its usage in developed states due to the well-established nexus between asbestos merchandises and respiratory diseases. India has become a major consumer, utilizing around 100,000 dozenss of asbestos per twelvemonth, 80 % of which is imported with Canada being the largest overseas provider. Mining, production and usage of asbestos in India is really slackly regulated despite the wellness jeopardies. Reports have shown morbidity and mortality from asbestos related disease will go on in India without enforcement of a prohibition or significantly tighter controls. UCC has shrunk to one sixth of its size since the Bhopal catastrophe in an attempt to reconstitute and deprive itself. By making so, the company avoided a hostile coup d’etat, placed a important part of UCC ‘s assets out of legal range of the victims and gave its stockholder and top executives big net incomes. The company still operates under the ownership of Dow Chemicals and still provinces on its web site that the Bhopal catastrophe was â€Å" cause by calculated sabotage † . Some positive alterations were seen following the Bhopal catastrophe. The British chemical company, ICI, whose Indian subordinate manufactured pesticides, increased attending to wellness, safety and environmental issues following the events of December 1984. The subordinate now spends 30-40 % of their capital outgos on environmental-related undertakings. However, they still do non adhere to criterions every bit rigorous as their parent company in the UK. The US chemical giant DuPont learned its lesson of Bhopal in a different manner. The company attempted for a decennary to export a nylon works from Richmond, VA to Goa, India. In its early dialogues with the Indian authorities, DuPont had sought and won a singular clause in its investing understanding that absolved it from all liabilities in instance of an accident. But the people of Goa were non willing to assent while an of import ecological site was cleared for a heavy polluting industry. After about a decennary of protesting by Goa ‘s occupants, DuPont was forced to scurry programs at that place. Chennai was the following proposed site for the plastics works. The province authorities at that place made significantly greater demand on DuPont for grants on public wellness and environmental protection. Finally, these programs were besides aborted due to what the company called â€Å" fiscal concerns † . QUESTIONAIRE Name: Alkesh R Takpere Age: 43 Company Name: RCF Appellation: Chief Manager ( Technical services ) Which merchandises do you cover in? Fertilizers and other chemicals 1 ) Fertilizer Urea 2 ) Complex fertilisers ( NPK ) 3 ) Methanol 4 ) Sodium Nitrate 5 ) Ammonium hydrogen carbonate 6 ) Methylamines 7 ) Dimethyl Form amide 8 ) Dimethylacetamide Which is the most risky chemical and what is the injury caused due to it? Methanol is a risky chemical. It has severed effects on the organic structure such as terrible abdominal, leg, and back hurting. Sums of methyl alcohol can besides do Loss of vision and even sightlessness. Have your company faced any calamity with respects to gas escape? No, RCF has ne’er faced any gas escape jobs. During the start up and the shut down all the gases are arrested utilizing flairs. If yes, how did you cover with the state of affairs? We have upgraded ourselves with all the latest engineering. There are 22 workss in all and they are installed with DCS systems in all the workss. Bing established in 1968 we bit by bit modernized all the systems. We have computerized control systems which help us track all the activities around the fabricating units. The temperature degree of all the vass can be moderated via computing machine. Internalized LAN system connexions with the ammonium hydroxide workss help in maintaining a cheque on operation of the works, temperature and chemical degrees, MCS 1010 grade Celsius. Workplace proctors help us to take disciplinary actions via â€Å" Alarms † and â€Å" CCTV ‘s † which command the operators and the analysts. What are the ideal norms to be followed in a chemical fabrication company? There are two types of Norms followed by the RCF: Safety norms and environment norms. Safety norms: Training to all contract employees Time to clip wellness look into up Separate preparation given to the applied scientists Fire contending preparation Baseball gloves, goggles and places to cover with risky chemicals Welding shield for welding occupations Environment norms: Norms related to Sox, Nox, Ammonia, â€Å" PM2.5 † , CO etc Other stipulated norms given by CPCB ( Central Pollution Control Board ) and MPCB ( Maharashtra Pollution Control Board ) and RCF works manner below these norms. What safeguards are taken as a step of safety? Surveies done by allocated organic structures ISO 14000, ISO 9000 A ; OSAS -18000 ( Certified ) Proper medical assistance handiness at the clip of accidents Due attention for worker life by availing the insurance Health look into up from clip to clip Workers with Phobia ‘s detected by the physician are non permitted to work Fire Fighting Training is given to the workers in the welding section Mock bore on Levels 1,2, A ; 3 is conducted one time in a one-fourth for supervising safety Flat 1: Deals with gaseous emanations Flat 2: Deals with Fire Department Flat 3: Common group treatments are done in instance of major issues. Level 3 Mock drill is performed one time in a twelvemonth. BPCL A ; HPCL are members with RCF who are taken into consideration at degree 3 Example: Heavy escape Did the company undergo any alterations after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy? RCF has set up the environment cell in 1978. 500 chromium. was spent for environment protection while puting up the cell. 4 ambient air quality monitoring subdivisions are set up around each works of RCF to supervise the gas emanations from the works. They function 24Ãâ€"7 ; to convey and capture informations every 15 proceedingss. Meteorological Department is set up in one of the workss to command the air pollution around RCF. Are all the employees in your company insured? There is a group insurance policy The contract workers are insured under ESI What is the function of the company in societal duty? Autonomic nervous system: The following enterprises have been taken by the company: aˆ? Farmer Education on farm inputs aˆ? Soil Testing of major and micro foods aˆ? Water/Irrigation direction aˆ? Plant Protection Measures aˆ? Training on station crop engineering A ; selling aˆ? Field and Crop Demonstrations are other effectual agencies of leaving cognition to husbandmans. aˆ? Tie-up with M/s ITC e-choupal aˆ? The Company has 6 inactive and 4 nomadic soil-testing new waves. More than 60,000 dirt samples are tested every twelvemonth and recommendations on efficient usage of fertilisers are given through ‘Soil Health Cards ‘ . aˆ? 600 Krishi-melas conducted functioning about 3,00,000 husbandmans per twelvemonth aˆ? RCF has launched a dedicated web site for husbandmans â€Å" www.rcfkrushisamridhi.com † What are the assorted monitoring A ; surveillance system adopted by the company for security intents? Autonomic nervous system: For security purposes the company follows assorted policies like: The ‘Fraud Prevention Policy of RCF-2010 ‘ has been framed to supply a system for sensing and bar of fraud, coverage of any fraud that is detected or suspected and just dealing of affairs refering to fraud. The policy will guarantee and supply for the followers: – 1. To guarantee that direction is cognizant of its duties for sensing and bar of fraud and for set uping processs for forestalling fraud and/or observing fraud when it occurs. 2. To supply a clear counsel to employees and others covering with RCF, prohibiting them from engagement in any deceitful activity and the action to be taken by them where they suspect any deceitful activity. 3. To carry on probes into deceitful activities. 4. To supply confidences that any and all suspected deceitful activity will be to the full investigated. This policy applies to any fraud, or suspected fraud, affecting employees of RCF ( all full clip, portion clip or employees appointed on adhoc / impermanent / contract footing, student nurses and trainees ) every bit good as representatives of sellers, providers, contractors, advisers, service suppliers or any outside bureau making any type of concern with RCF. The company besides employs 12 to 15 security guards in A ; around the office premises. What is the back-up program of the company in instance of indecent accident or any exigency? Autonomic nervous system: There is handiness of ambulance at mill site Safety dismaies are available as a warning signal to move rapidly in instance of exigency Workers are provided with proper and maintained machineries What function does moralss play at RCF? We make certain that air pollution Act, H2O pollution act and noise pollution act are followed purely. In MOU with authorities of India we guarantee that are 2 adult male yearss per employee for preparation. What step has RCF taken apart from the authorities norms? Alternatively of N2O, RCF uses DN2O acid accelerator which has the potency of consuming pollution by 300 times. We besides use selective catalytic reactor to breathe colourless exhausts alternatively of brown exhausts as earlier. Interpretation A ; Analysis of the Interview RCF produces fertilisers and other risky chemicals of the classs:15-15-15 A ; 20-20-0 RCF being one of the largest chemical fertilizing workss takes extreme safeguards and applies rigorous pattern of safety steps. They are really peculiar about the safety and take heavy steps for the same. They give equal preparation to all the workers every bit good as the contract employees. They are one measure in front in using the safety norms. There have no incident taken topographic point in RCF with regard to gas escape or other such catastrophe. They are really advanced and have modernized all the workss since 1968.They usage computerised monitoring system to look into the operation of every works which is reviewed in every 15 minutes.There are 22 workss and a works is shut down one time a twelvemonth for one-year care either in May or October for a maximal period of 20 yearss one works at a time.They have spent around 500 crores for developing the environment cell therefore lending to the protection of environment. They are besides really peculiar about the wellness of every worker. Besides after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, the authorities norms have become really stringent.Thus, the whole interview gave us a thought that RCF believes in â€Å" Better Safe than Sorry † Q. Describe the systematic mistakes that led to the catastrophe in December 1984? These were the above factors that contributes to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy in 1984. A Production: The usage of risky chemicals like ( MIC ) alternatively of less unsafe onesA . Care: Storing these chemicals in big armored combat vehicles alternatively of over 200 steel drums.A Possible eating stuff in pipelinesA A Poor care after the works ceased production in the early 1980sA SECURITY A ; SAFETY: Failure of several safety systems ( due to hapless care and ordinances ) .A Safety systems being switched off to salvage money-including the MIC armored combat vehicle infrigidation system which entirely would hold prevented the catastrophe. Government: The job was made worse by the works ‘s location near a dumbly populated country, non-existent calamity programs and defects in wellness attention and socio-economic rehabilitation. Analysis shows that the parties responsible for the magnitude of the catastrophe are the two proprietors, Union Carbide Corporation and the Government of India, and to some extent, the Government of Madhya Pradesh. Finance: Supplying less rewards A ; no publicities to extremely skilled workers which made them to exchange the administration. Training: Coercing the workers to utilize English manuals even after cognizing they are non familiar with the linguistic communication. Q. Find out trigger points that a uninterrupted procedure fabrication works covering with risky stuffs need to watch out for? A uninterrupted procedure fabrication works have to watch out on following points: Chemical degrees of: Night Sox Ammonia $ other risky Chemicals Temperature degrees of the Vessels After Bhopal Gas Tragedy, all the chemical fabrication companies have started holding hart proctors in every subdivision as a safeguard step. Wherever these risky chemicals are produced, stored, used or handled, a proper and effectual wellness direction programme should be implemented so as to protect the involvement and safeguard the safety and wellness of people who are exposed to such stuffs. Policies and scheme – the duty of the direction sing the safety of employees and the usage of the chemicals should be stated in the policy statement. To give consequence to the policy, the direction must border a broad scheme on pull offing the risky chemicals. Register of chemicals – these should incorporate the information sing the location and the stock list of the chemicals. Besides it should advert the figure of people exposed to those risky chemicals. Risk appraisal and command – 1 ) designation of the safety and the wellness risky events, 2 ) Frequency of the exposure to the chemicals and likeliness of happening of the events and its development excessively. If the determination shows that the hazard is excessively high and non acceptable than preventative steps should be taken every bit shortly as possible. Safety work processs – at any point where and when this chemicals are used in managing there should be a written process for the start up, everyday operation, shut down and care work. It besides include the usage of personal protective equipments when necessary and besides other safeguards to be taken. Storage of chemicals – a storage system is established based on the nature of the chemical, mutual exclusiveness, measure and environmental conditions. So the layout of the storage design should take into the consideration like the statutory demand, material safety informations and besides other national and international criterions to be followed. Personal protection equipment include inhalators, safety spectacless, field shields overall, aprons and baseball mitts. Workplace supervising – it reveals which workers, country of the workplace and nearby locality of the works will be most affected if degree of the airborne taint additions. A regular medical examination by a competent individual should be carried out and besides consequence of the monitoring should be right evaluated and decently recorded. Emergency planning responses and first assistance procedures – its needed to get by up with chemical acciidents such as fires, detonations, spills, or leaks of risky stuffs. Emergency processs should be established so that the beginning of release should be decently rectified and the country of taint could be decently contained. The first assistance programme will guarantee that commissariats for exigency intervention of victims of chemical toxic condition or inordinate exposure to toxic chemicals are met. Information and preparation – employees who handle chemicals or may be affected by them should be informed of the hazard potency of these chemicals and the processs for safe handling, minimisation of exposure. A preparation programme should be instituted to guarantee that the safe handling process are both known and understood by all concerned. Information on risky chemicals and safe handling processs should be disseminated on a regular basis to employees involved via group and single preparation, informations sheets and other AIDSs. Programme reappraisal and audit – the direction should carry on an one-year reappraisal of its risky stuff, direction programmed to guarantee that it is relevant and up-to-date. The programme should be subjected to regular audits to guarantee that it has been implemented efficaciously. The direction should implement the recommendations of the reappraisal and the audit to better and heighten the programme. Acts and regulations sing the chemical industries Environment direction The air bar and control of pollution act, 1981amended 1987 The H2O bar and control of pollution act, 1974 amended 1988 The environment protection act 1986 amended 1991 Hazardeous wastes ( direction and handling regulation ) , 1986 amended 2004 Ozone depleting substances ( ordinance and control ) regulations, 2000 Batteries ( direction and managing ) regulations 2001 Chemical safety and exigency direction Industry storage and import of hazardeous chemical regulations 1989 amended 2000 Chemical accidents ( exigency planning and response ) regulation, 1996 Public lialibity insurance act, 1991 amended 1998 Specific chemical category/container The chemical carbide rules,1987 The explosives act, 1988 The gas cylinders regulations 2004 The insect powders act,1988 The fertilizer control order act, 1985 The crude oil act, 1934 Other relevant to chemical direction Factories act, 1948 The moter vehicals act, 1988 The mines act 1952 The national catastrophe direction act, 2005 Chemical Rules in India: Background Prime Drivers Aâ„ ¢ Bhopal Gas Disaster, 1984 Aâ„ ¢ Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 Aâ„ ¢ Multilateral Environmental Agreements ( MEAs ) Aâ„ ¢ Responsible Care ; OSHAS 18001 Aims – Prevention of major accidents – Restricting the effects on adult male A ; environment – Safety, control steps and coordination amongst bureaus. Chemical Rules in India Background: Industrial Activities Covered in the ordinances: Production, storages, usage and import of the specified risky chemicals. Chemical and petrochemical substances holding risky ( i.e. flammable, explosive, caustic, toxic ) belongingss. Storages of risky chemicals non associated with procedures. Industry, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules: Requirements in instance of Low Level Chemicals Identify jeopardies associated with industrial activity and take equal stairss for bar and control Provide relevant information to individuals apt to be affected by a major accident Develop information in the signifier of a safety informations sheets Industry, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules: Requirements in instance of the Medium A ; High degree chemicals A ; Storages off from Plant. Aâ„ ¢Submit written study sing â€Å" Notification of site † at least three months before and get downing any activity utilizing risky stuffs Aâ„ ¢Submit â€Å" Safety Report † at least 3 months before get downing activity Industry, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules: Requirements in instance of the Medium A ; High degree chemicals A ; Storages off from Plant ( Contd.. ) : Aâ„ ¢ Submit an up-to-date safety study at least 90 yearss before doing any alteration Aâ„ ¢ New and bing industrial activities to transport out safety auditand submit study within 30 yearss Aâ„ ¢ Submit a safety audit update study once a twelvemonth and send oning a transcript within 30 yearss Aâ„ ¢ Prepare up-to-date on site exigency program before get downing a new industrial activity affecting specified chemicals. Industry, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules: Requirements in instance of the Medium A ; High degree chemicals A ; Storages off from Plant ( Contd.. ) : Aâ„ ¢Conduct a mock drill of exigency program every six months and subject a study Aâ„ ¢Maintain records of imports of risky chemicals and to supply information to the concerned Authority Ensure the transit of risky chemicals as per the proviso of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Chemical Accidents ( Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response ) Rules: Aâ„ ¢ Central Crisis Group – Vertex organic structure to cover with major chemical accidents and to supply adept counsel for managing major chemical accidents – Continuously monitor the station accident state of affairs from major accidents, suggest steps for bar Aâ„ ¢ State Crisis Group – Vertex organic structure in the province to cover with major chemical accidents and supply adept counsel – Reappraisal all territory off-site exigency programs in the province and study to cardinal Crisis Group Loopholes in Indian ordinances Buffer stock jobs To put up universe category capacity works. Government should in audience with industry should develop a policy for allotment of buffer stock to outdo suitable merchandises. Government should setup support financess and supply inducements. Chemical bunchs: There is a demand to organize bunchs with proviso of common substructure installations to turn to the restraints of common wastewater intervention, conveyance linkages, including roads, power supply, H2O installations. Consolidation of little capacities: Government will make consciousness about benefits of capacity consolidation amongst SMEs. Wherever possible, authorities will back up consolidation of smaller capacities and constitution of chemical bunchs by switching downstream capacities near to female parent workss. Government may see to supply portion fiscal aid for any such resettlement. Forte chemicals as a focal point country Provding fund for Technology up-gradation for chemicals Establish chemical sector council for invention Sign international coaction understandings with other advanced states in this sector Promotional Issues: – National Awards for Technology Innovation- A strategy of national awards for engineering invention in assorted Fieldss, such as dyes, pesticides, chlor bases, etc. , is to be formulated. Under this strategy, the Government would commit awards for outstanding parts made in engineering inventions. The choice for awards would be made by a Committee of high individuals. Industrial Trade Fairs and Exhibitions- The Government would actively ease and back up the selling and organisation of major exhibitions and events in order to supply a platform to the Indian chemical industries to demo instance their strengths. Market Development- The Government would research new avenues of export of chemical from India to Latin American, African and Middle East states through our embassies and missions abroad. Decision The calamity was caused due to synergy of really worst American an Indian civilizations. The safety processs were minimal and neither the proprietors nor the local direction seemed to take necessary safeguards. The fact is the direction was non really prepared for such an inauspicious state of affairs. No prompt action was taken by local governments. Our legal system failed miserably, which needs to be changed every bit shortly as possible for the safety of people and improvement of state. we need to see assorted international pacts to give justness to people suffered in such a sort of calamity. The MNC ‘s operating in India must hold to the status of making concern that they will subject to the legal power of Indian tribunals both civil and condemnable. They must be responsible for the act of their subordinates in the host state and non disinherit them like cowards. The effort by the top direction of the Union Carbide USA to switch all the incrimination of Bhopal Gas Tragedy out to the direction of its Indian subdivision is the act of cowardiness.Notice should besides be taken into consideration that even the authorities of Madhya Pradesh was every bit responsible for the calamity that had taken topographic point. It was the administrative responsibility of the province authorities to play its regulative and supervisory function with most earnestness. How to cite The Bhopal Gas Tragedy Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Computing Social Networking in Air Asia free essay sample

We are pleased to present you this exciting report on strategies to implement Green Computing amp; Social Networking in AA. This report was prepared in accordance to provide AA the importance to implement Green Computing and Social Networking as a communication tools to embark on. Our reports include details on the strategy and methods to apply those activities. Based on this report, we have included a few recommendations to AA in our Conclusion section. Please do contact us if you require any further clarification. Thank you. Yours Sincerely, Nurul Aishah AzizRoopashini Maheswaran Executive summary The first section of this report is focused on the IT infrastructure of AA and moves on to the challenges and issues such as IT governance and handling infrastructure and platform changes that is faced by IT department in the organization. We were glad to know that AA focuses and emphasizes towards moving to green environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Computing Social Networking in Air Asia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The cloud computing service is very effective and efficient. The convenient and hassle free check in attracts more travellers. AA also has future planned activity towards moving to green computing. AA has been actively using social network (SN) as one of their marketing tool. AA is on Facebook, Twitter, Blogs and YouTube. According to our interviewee, SN has helped the company to boost its sales and become recognised to the world. In conclusion, there are few recommendations we would like to suggest on the topics that was discussed in this report. Firstly, in terms of improving IT infrastructures AA need to take some measures in order to have control over their outsourcing model of their IT infrastructure. As for moving towards green computing, it will be a best idea for AA to synchronise its self-check in system with a standard processing system known as Common Use Passenger Processing (CUSS) which will be shared with many airlines. Besides adding more revenue to the company, use of this system will also show the efficiency of the company and its commitment in protecting our planet. AA also should introduce ‘Blackle’ the new Google search tool which has proven to generate lesser heat compare to the current Google search tool. In terms of SN, AA should use Facebook and Linked In to help them in choosing their new employees.

A Seperate Peace Short Essay Essay Example

A Seperate Peace Short Essay Essay Example A Seperate Peace Short Essay Essay A Seperate Peace Short Essay Essay Throughout the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles the main character, Gene Forester, who is also the narrator, discovers who he is as a person. He has become a mature adult by the end of the book, as apposed to his adolescence in the beginning of the novel. He makes these discoveries through the events that take place during his time at Devon. Three places that show the development of Gene’s maturity are when Gene visits Finny in Boston, when he didn’t give in to Finny’s fantasy of the war and when Gene finally accepts that he played a role in Phineas’ death. These events cause Gene to mature greatly. Gene’s increased maturity is first shown when he is returning to Devon after break and stops in Boston to visit Finny. The guilt of what Gene had done haunted him during the whole break. Gene confesses to deliberately jouncing the limb of the tree. When Finny becomes emotional Gene realizes, â€Å" †¦I was injuring him again†¦ this could be an even deeper injury than I had done before. † Gene thinks he is disturbing Finny’s view of the world. He is ruining the view of pureness and good Finny had. Gene’s realization shows that he has matured and sees what he is doing to Finny. When Finny returns to Devon he refuses to believe that there is a war. He creates a fantasy of what is really going on. Gene has always been pulled into Finny’s fantasies about the world but he has learned how to keep himself in reality. Gene says, â€Å"For a moment I was almost taken in by it. Then my eyes fell on the bound and cast white mass pointing at me†¦ it brought me down out of Finny’s world of invention†¦ down to reality, to the facts. Gene is no longer sucked into Finny’s views of the world. He is able to bring himself back to the realities of the world. Gene’s maturity continues to grow throughout the novel and he reaches his biggest point of maturity growth upon the death of his best friend, Finny. Gene accepts that he played a role in Phineas’ death. He realizes that his jealousy got out of hand and he had been angry about a non-existent rivalry. In the end he said, â€Å"†¦this enemy who attacked never attacked that way – if he ever attacked at all; if he was indeed the enemy. When he says this it shows that he recognizes that Finny never hated him. However, since Gene made up this rivalry he eventually had a part in Finny’s demise. Gene goes on a journey of self-discovery throughout the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles. Gene’s maturity grows immensely but especially when Gene visits Finny in Boston, when he didn’t give in to Finny’s fantasy of the war and when Gene finally accepts that he played a role in Phineas’ death. These events cause Gene to mature greatly.

School Violence Essays - Crime, Violence, Dispute Resolution, Ethics

School Violence Essays - Crime, Violence, Dispute Resolution, Ethics School Violence Violence in schools is a great concern in our society. The concern is heightened by the abundance of media coverage on a number of recent school shootings. With all of the news clips, sound bites, and Internet coverage swirling around in our heads, one might conclude that children are more violent today, than they were in recent years. But, school violence is not a new issue for the nineties; School violence has been around since the1950's, but then it was more an issue of juvenile delinquency than violent behavior. The difference between the two generations is that today student conflicts are more likely to be solved with the use of weapons. The fact is a gun is much more intimidating than a fist. There is nothing scarier than arriving at school afraid of what may happen next. Many students are faced with this problem everyday. Children should feel safe when they walk into school. Many people use violence as an expression to release feelings of anger or frustration. They think there are no answers to their problems and turn to violence to express their out of control emotions. Others use manipulation as a way to control others or get something they want. Violence is a learned behavior. Like all learned behaviors, it can be changed. This isn't easy, though. Since there is no single cause of violence, there is no one simple solution. The best you can do is learn to recognize the warning signs of violence and to get help when you see them in your friends or yourself. Teachers tend to believe that school violence is a result of sociological factors such as: lack of parental supervision, lack of family involvement and exposure to violence in the mass media. These factors could be traced to high divorce rates, both parents working and high availability of mass media, e.g. television, Internet, ect. Students who live in fear of violence, witness violent acts, or become victims of violence suffer an array of short-term and long-term consequences emotionally and physically. They have been found to be at greater risk for low school performance, absenteeism, truancy, school dropout and delinquency. In fact, research has shown that juveniles who are victimized, or who repeatedly witness violence, and do not receive immediate support in understanding and dealing with it are at higher risk of using violence as a means of dealing with their own conflicts; thus repeating the cycle of violence. Schools are not doing enough to protect students and other school personnel. Curing social ills could take a long time, so I propose a high security approach to the problem. The community may find this expensive and students find it oppressive, but how many more people have to die? I propose the following strategy: Police officers in every school; Metal detectors at each doorway; Some type of dress code-banning big clothes where weapons can be hidden; Hall monitors- hallways, doorways, restrooms and cafeterias; Train certain school personnel in weapon usage. Allow them to carry and store weapons on campus. If students knew someone else on campus had a gun to protect students, they may think twice about bringing one to school. This may sound severe, but this is a direct approach to the problem. Additional discipline is needed in order to stop school violence. We need more discipline in the family, in school, and even in public. We need to educate children that their actions do have co nsequences. As our country's morals keep declining and the murder rate continues to rise in schools, we will still be blaming our problems on anything but ourselves.

Virtual Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Team - Essay Example 1)." As a group, they have complementary skills and are committed to a common purpose, have interdependent performance goals, and share an approach to work for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. The emergence of virtual teams has undoubtedly brought a huge impact in business organizations. According to IBM (2006), virtual team brings together various expertises in company disciplines such as product design, manufacturing, supply chain management and logistics. As GDT works together they can share ideas, experience and technical information to create better solutions which leads to the improvement of the organization's internal operations. Taking the aforementioned information into consideration, this paper will look at the positive effects of having a virtual team in the operation of a warehouse distribution center. This will be done by utilizing Michael Porters famous business tools-value chain and competitive forces. In the value chain model, Michael Porter classified business activities as either primary or support activities. Primary activities include: inbound logistics, production, outbound logistics, sales and marketing, maintenance. Meanwhile administrative infrastructure management, human resources management, R&D, and procurement comprise the support activities. Appendix 1 shows the primary and support activiti... All these activities in the value chain are designed to add value that the customer derived from the company's products or services (Value Based Management 2006). Virtual teaming in the value chain of a warehouse distribution center can bring about more efficiency in the functioning of the entire firm. Locating the warehouse distribution center in the value chain, we can see that it is after the production and before marketing and sales. Establishing a virtual team within the company can integrate the processes within the company. Due to technological innovation, communication within the value chain is more capable of transmitting information to different departments. For instance, the warehouse distribution center can closely collaborate with the other team members in the other departments through the company's intranet. Thus, from the procurement of inputs to the after-sales service, a virtual team can be organized to regulate each process in the value chain. The presence of virtual team makes it easy to monitor the inventory level in the warehouse distribution center and regulate production. It also becomes relatively easier to track inventory levels and replenish stocks to maintain them at the optimum level. Also, delivery from the warehouse distribution center to the customers can be best facilitated if there is a virtual team which oversees the transaction from the warehouse to the customers' doorstep. Of course, some of the functions mentioned above can be carried out by a physical team. However, it should be noted that the presence of virtual team is not hampered by geographic boundaries. It is most important for warehouse distribution centers which are located in two different continents. As information can now be

Initial Public Offering (IPO) Research Proposal

Initial Public Offering (IPO) - Research Proposal Example The present research study is a detailed examination of the under pricing and long term performance of 20 IPOs in Indian market listed on Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) or National Stock Exchange (NSE)or both. The paper attempts to investigate both under pricing and under performance of IPOs in the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE) for a period of one year. Initial Public Offering under pricing and long run poor performance of common stock has been an unresolved puzzle in the financial literature for many years. Researchers and practitioners have attempted many times to explore a theoretical base to explain the behaviour of IPO market in the history of capital market. But, after each study the findings seem to be totally different from that of the previous ones. No single study could explore all the issues connected with IPOs. The present study is an attempt to investigate into the under pricing phenomenon and the long-run performance of IPOs in Indian capital market during the period beginning from August 1st 2007 to August 11th 2008. The study takes only those IPOs which have been priced using book building procedure and listed on Bombay Stock Exchange or National Stock Exchange or both. This paper developed by Randolph P. Beatty & Jay R. Ritter involves two propositions. ... ng and the uncertainty of investors regarding its value are monotonously related and investment bankers enforce the resulting under pricing equilibrium. The empirical evidence support that when the investors lose on account of non receipt of initial return (no under pricing) and issuers will lose when there is too much of under pricing and thus forfeit the value of its reputation capital. Anatomy of Initial Public Offerings of Common Stock- Tinic, Seha M In this paper, Tinic and Seha M demonstrate the anatomy of IPOs. The paper revolves around the hypothesis that under pricing serves as a form of insurance against legal liability and the associated damages to the reputations of investment bankers. The authors, after their empirical study reveal observe that there are implicit support after t he Securities Act of 1933, for the implicit insurance hypothesis. They have located a relationship between gross under pricing and market segmentation among prestigious and fringe investment bankers in the post-1933 period. The Under pricing of Initial Public Offerings and the Partial Adjustment Phenomenon- Kathleen Weiss Hanley In this research paper, the authors demonstrate the relationship between the final offer price disclosed in the preliminary prospectus and the range of anticipated offer prices. They observe that these prices are a good predictor of initial returns. The authors conclude that "issues that have final offer prices which exceed the limits of the offer range have greater under pricing than all other initial public offerings, and are also more likely to increase the number of shares issued" (Hanley, 1993). The Opening Price Performance of Initial Public Offerings of Common Stock, by Christopher B. Barry and Robert H. Jennings In this article, the authors

Religion in Contemporary Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Religion in Contemporary Societies - Essay Example The use of religion in such situation to further their anti-west sentiments had threatened the whole world. Fundamentalist elements are the product of totalitarian regimes, which nurtured and developed it for their particular interests. The modern Al-Qaeda and ISIS has been the creation of fundamentalist totalitarian authorities with the aid and support from western powers lead by United States of America. Anti-imperialist sentiments are also part of fundamentalist uprising against the imperialist’s design to divide the region and support anarchies of their own choice after the World War I. The anarchies set at that time on the whims of their imperialist masters sowed the seed of Muslim fundamentalism to legitimize their totalitarian rule as Islam allows such authority under Sharia. The focus of the paper will be on fundamentalism of the organization and its relevancy to their motives and political ambitions. In order to have deep understanding of the nature of organization this paper will also study their history and their religious-political development. Furthermore, the role of Western imperialists and their handpicked regional players and the resulting anti-imperialist sentiments culminating in these organizations will be discussed as a subsidiary part of the research topic. The ISIS and Al-Qaeda are the two fundamentalist organization nurturing terrorism. These organizations also have political ambitions inspired by religious notions. The concept of Islamic fundamentalist contradicts with their activities that are mostly driven by economic and sectarian ambitions. The fundamentalism depicted by these two organizations is too complex; hatred and atrocities on other Muslim and non-Muslim people; relationship between state and religion; and rivalry between th e two bands in application of the same ideology. The Salafist-Jihadism is the ideology of ISIS commonly shared with all other fundamentalist organizations like Al-Qaeda and

Consumers Perception Towards Online Shopping In Singapore Marketing Essay

Consumers Perception Towards Online Shopping In Singapore Marketing Essay During the few past years, the Internet has grown to new levels not even envisioned. The Internet changes the way people live, work and purchase. Demangeot Broderick (2007) state that Internet provides great advantages for the consumers, such as variety of products, services and prices from different suppliers Using Internet facilities, commercial organisations can develop new markets; and improve the competitiveness of the company (Eastlick et al., 2006). However, the Internet may also create threats to some organizations. The number of Internet users is increasing year by year. Figure 1 shows the growth of Internet users globally. The fast growth of e-shopping and the increasing number of e-retailers has created an extremely competitive market place(George, 2004). Competing issues create a need for managers to understand factors which influence people using Internet as a new purchasing media (Fraser et al., 2005). It is becomes essential for the companies to understand benefits and risks of online shopping in order to underline the benefits and minimize risks. Figure 1 Growth of Internet Users in the World Source: http://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm 1.2. Background of the Country Singapore is an industrial country, which has a highly developed market- based economy. Total Singapore population is 4,987,600 (Singstat, June 2009) from which 72.4 per cent has an access to Internet at home (Singapore Internet Statistics, 2010). Figure 2 illustrates the Internet users growth in Singapore, which is 180.8per cent for the nine years period from 2000. Figure 2 Internet Usage http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm#asia Based on research, conducted by IPSOS in 2007 (Figure 3), more than 60% of online users in Singapore use online shopping, which gives high potential for online trade market. Figure 3 Online shopping statistics Source: http://www.insightbureau.com/insight_reports/mc_insights/2008_Q3_OnlineShopAP.pdf 1.3 Objectives, research questions and research hypotheses This study is intended to understand the buying process and behaviour of online consumers. The basic objectives of the study are: To determine consumer behaviour in online environment To identify the main influencers in online buying process To identify peoples attitude towards benefits and risks of online shopping Based on objectives identified, the following questions are raised: What are the main factors that influence consumer purchasing decision online? Is there any differences between online and offline consumer? What consumer segments are more likely to shop online? Is there any connection between identified factors and consumer segment groups? Based on objectives and questions above, conceptualizing framework for this research has been developed. The important variables are clearly showed through logical reasoning in the framework. Based on this framework, the null and alternative hypotheses are developed as the followings: There is a difference as well as no difference in perception on benefits of Internet purchasing between online and offline consumers There is a difference as well as no difference in perceived risks towards Internet purchasing between online and offline consumers 1.4. Scope With the fast growth of Internet commerce it becomes very important for companies to study consumer behaviour (Jobber, 2001). If the influencing factors in the online buying and selling process can be identified, than it can be meaningful for the online companies to give much emphasis on these factors. The majority of companies want to increase the overall volume of the business because this can lead to significant reductions in costs and competitive advantages (Kotler, 2003). This research will pay attention to consumer behaviour in the online environment, providing theoretical information about online purchasing behaviour of the consumers. Additionally, the present study is an attempt to get insight into peoples perceptions towards online shopping in Singapore. This study will specify on the perception of Internet users towards benefits and risks associated with online shopping and how company can avoid customers concerns about online shopping. Chapter Two: Literature review 2.1 Introduction Currently, e-commerce is getting huge attention from a range of organisation and customers due to the fact of fast Internet development (Lee Lin, 2005). Online shopping, as a part of E-commerce, is becoming a tendency in Singapore (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Online shopping has both advantages and disadvantages. Purchasing behaviour is determined by consumers view of benefits and risks of online shopping. This literature review intends to review of all the relevant factors. Firstly, the definition of e-commerce and its growth will be defined. Secondly, theories regarding consumer perception and behaviour will be reviewed. Finally, the main benefits and risks will be summarized. 2.2. Definition of E-commerce There are different definitions of what is e-commerce. E-commerce is a very broad term used to describe process where electronic connections make resources exchange be possible (Vrechopoulos et al., 2001). In context of the Internet, E-commerce is used as a general term. The definitions of e-commerce are focused on buying and selling using the Internet. According to Mark van Ketel and Tim D. Nelson (2009) electronic commerce (e-commerce), a subset of e-business, includes selling goods and services, as well as purchasing and exchanging over the Internet. Torkzadeh and Dhillion (2002) describe e-commerce as a purchase and sale over the Internet. This includes the process of finding a product, ordering and receiving as well as costs and benefits of a product or service. Generally, E-commerce can be broken into two main categories: Business to business (B2B) is where business makes online transactions with other businesses (Turban et al., 2003) Business to consumer (B2C) is where online transactions are made between a business and an individual consumer (Wareham, 2000). 2.2.1 The importance of E-commerce According to Carla et al. (2006) Internet is a powerful instrument to buy, sell and distribute goods and services worldwide in a fast growing supply chain. Internet provides potential market that has no or little restrictions, such as geography or time (Blackwell, 2000). E-commerce provides enormous opportunities for growth and development. Through the Internet people can communicate with each other over vast distances. It allows commercially moving business and people to a market in which everything that is for sale is advertised and everything that is wanted for purchase is requested somewhere (Kanttila, 2005). Over the years E-commerce changing the way business used to work. According to Wareham, E (2000) Expedia sells more than $ 14 million worth of hotels and airline reservations a day from its web-site Federal Express in Singapore began to save $10,000 a day by creating customer service department online (Kotler, 2003). The Internet provides businesses with the opportunity to sell their products to millions of people, 24 hours a day (Bellman, 2006). Buyers and sellers can thus contact each other with no or little cost. The development of e-commerce is often claimed to be reshaping almost all industries (Pawlyna, 1999). It influences the operation of organisations and peoples activities greatly and brings fundamental changes to the way that business is conducted. E-commerce can enhance organisations performance by tangible and significant operational efficiency (Mutz, 2005). 2.2.2 The growth of E-commerce and online shopping The B2C and Internet usage rates are making stable progress and rising constantly. Electronic retailing, the B2C segment of e-commerce, is set to grow exponentially in the next few years (Siyal et al., 2006). Total online retail revenue is increasing year after year and expecting to increase in the nearest future (Shu et al., 2006). The increase of B2C e-commerce cannot help but to impact peoples attitude to buy goods. Currently, one in ten Singapore adults can be categorized as frequent online purchasers (Shun, 2006). Presently around 72.4 per cent of Singapore households are web-connected (Singapore Internet Statistics 2010), also this position is expected to grow over the next decades (Singstat, 2009) In the early stage of growth, e-retailing, the B2C segment of e-commerce is set to grow exponentially in the next few years (Tan, 2007). However, online shopping still remains as yet a minority pursuit with purchases concentrated in a comparatively narrow range of categories such as clothing and software, music and travelling (Shun, 2006). 2.3. Segmentation of Online consumers Vrechopoulos et al. (2001) segmented e-shoppers based on demographic, behavioural and attitudinal characteristics. Figure 4 illustrates classification of different segments of online shopping. Brown et al. (2003) classify e-shoppers according to purchasing motivations for shopping, which illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 4 Vrechopoulos, Siomkos and Doudikiss Segmentation of e-shoppers Characteristic On-off shoppers Online shoppers Interested in online shopping Social and demographic variables Gender Mainly men Men and women Age 25-44 18-44 Education University and postgraduate studies University studies Level of income Above average Average or above Material status Single Married Job Scientists, professionals, working in the private sector Scientist, public and private sector employees Attitudinal variables Home shopping motivations Time saving, opening hours Time saving, opening hours, exclusivity Online shopping motivations Fast delivery, low prices, range of products and opening times Home delivery, low prices, range of products and opening times Preferred payment method Cash on delivery, credit cards Cash on delivery Willingness to pay more than through traditional channels No No Willingness to pay delivery costs Yes Yes Source: Adopted by an author from Vrechopoulos, A., Siomkos, G. Doudikis, G. (2001) Figure 5 Segmentation of online consumers according to purchase motivations Type of shopper Purchase motivations Personalised shopper Personal relationship with the seller. Service adapts to shoppers needs Recreational shopper Enjoys the act of shopping Economic shopper Achieve the nest quality-price relationship for the purchase Involved shopper Enjoys shopping and values personal relations Convenience shopper Values time and effort. Enjoy reduced prices Local shopper Loyal to a brand or shop in their local area Apathetic shopper Rejects the act of shopping. Values the convenience of Internet Source: adopted by an author from Brown, M., Pope, N., Voges, K., (2003) 2.4 Consumers behaviour theories 2.4.1 Consumers perception and consumer behaviour Pawlyna (1999) identified perception as an initiator of behaviour. Additionally, perception can be considered as a process of information extraction. Even in the same reality, different people tend to perceive differently. Its vital to understand, that peoples perceptions are more important than the reality in marketing (Kotler, 2000). The factors, which influence consumers purchasing behaviour online can be identified by understanding customer behaviour. In most studies perception identified as input, while behaviour as output, and treated as two separate phenomena. Rotem-Mindali (2006) suggested that perception and behaviour are two sides of the same phenomenon and are closely related to each other. Current study considered perception and behaviour as one integral part in order to understand customer perception and reasons which affect it. 2.4.2 Consumer decision process There are several models (see Appendix 1), which describes customer purchasing behaviour, though they all have similar attributes that should be considered as fundamental stages upon which the consumers behaviour is developed. Figure 6illustratesmain steps involved in consumer decision process. Figure 6 Consumer decision process model Source: Adopted by an author fromhttp://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_decision_process.asp Predispositions (Before Purchase): This stage includes past experiences, customer own personality and self-concept, attitudes and opinions in general, as well as on specific products. Product Need: Buyuko et al. (2004) stated that buyer recognises a need which can be satisfied by a product or service, as a result of either cognitive activity or some environmental stimulus. It can be simplified that the need is often caused by internal or external stimuli. Information Search: The search may arise on an internal and external basis (Goh, 1999). According to Donald (1974) this stage includes all searches of the internal and external environments for the alternative solutions as well as for information which can help in evaluating of those alternatives. The search for the information usually includes previous experiences and should be relevant to the present purchase situation. Evaluation of Alternatives: This stage involves comparison of alternatives from physical and cognitive activities. Consumers compare various brands by taking in consideration several attributes (Kotler, 2000). Attributes used for the evaluation of alternatives by consumers are also known as choice criteria. Figure 7shows a summary of these choice criteria. Additionally, differentiation and number of alternatives, time pressure as well as level of involvement will reflect the extent of problem solving. As shown in Figure 8the extent to which customer involved in decision making process influence each stage of customer decision making process. Figure7Choice criteria used for the evaluation of alternatives by consumers Source: Adopted by an author from Bellman, S., Johnson, E. J., Lohse, G. L., Mandel, N. (2006).   Figure 8 Purchase Involvement and Stages of consumer decision making process Source: http://www.slideshare.net/roymogg/marketing-focus-on-the-customer-presentation Purchase Activity: This stage consist of customer involvement in making an actual financial decision as well as direct physical activities involved in decision making process about making purchase or not. Also this stage includes the actual transaction. However, customer decision can be postponed, modified, or avoided due to influence of perceived risk involved in purchase decision (Kotler,2000). Therefore, it is essential for marketers to recognize and understand factors that might provoke perceived risk and find out solutions to minimize that (Bellman et al., 2006). Post Purchase Behaviour: According to Kotler (2000) the current stage primarily concerned with product or service purchased by the customer. This level requires customers experience of satisfaction or dissatisfaction about purchased product or service, which further will influence subsequent behaviour of consumer. According to Fox all et al (1998) satisfaction or dissatisfaction created by product or service will make major impact on future purchase decisions. Predispositions (After Purchase and Use): After the process of purchasing the buyer (or non- buyer) should be left with cognitive content (Gunasekaran et al., 2004), which can be differ from that which present at the early stages. Consumers attitude, information and experience may be changed due to factors of time and events (Hawkins, 1989). All of the above can influence the future purchase decision of the same type. 2.4.3. Consumer behaviour in Online Environment When consumers shop online, they perform a similar sequence of tasks to offline shoppers (Mowen et al., 2003). Besides, online environment provides more information regarding each alternatives, also online environment is more flexible and time saving. Internet has significant impact on each stage of traditional decision making process. Final customer decision depends on several factors, which are illustrated in Figure 9. Figure 9 Main factors that influence customer purchasing decision Source: Adopted by an author from Buyuko Zumi; Kan, Gulcin (2004) Figure 9 presented factors, which lead to the decision process, which is described below. Problem recognition: Feeling the need or recognize the problem is the starting point. The Internet can generate the need or problem by itself and also can encourage customers to start the information search process (Breitenbach and van Doren, 1998). Information Search: Internet is one of the powerful sources of information, it has great advantages to store and process the information (Buyuko Zumi, 2004), and due to the above Internet has a deep impact on the Information Search stage. According to Wareham (2000) Internet provides wide access to information base for the consumers. Comparing to the traditional environment Web is less costly and require less time for information search (Turban  et al., 2002). One of the important differences between online and offline environment is the costs for the characteristics and attributes for which information can be obtained, are usually lower in online atmosphere (Kanttila, 2005). Still, the Internet has far less impact for the products that are perceived as low risk and that are bought frequently (Mutz, 2005). Additionally, the Internet is much less effective for value expressive products than for functional products, which attributes can be easily compared online (Rayport et al., 2003). Product Evaluation: This stage requires customers to make final value judgment through evaluating different information. The main benefit of online shops is their ability to store large amount of content at a relatively low cost (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Thus, this can be turned to advantage when customers evaluating the product. On another hand, Internet provides lack of tangibility, which leads to difficulties in evaluating products. Purchase Activity: Current stage involves issues regarding transactions, which include the following steps: Agree contractually on purchase Pay for the purchase Wait for the delivery Receive physical delivery This stage can be influenced by different consumer-related factors, such as price, trustworthiness, availability or diversity of choices. According to Jobber (2001) this stage is also influenced by customer involvement, which is shown in Figure 6. Thus, customer will carry out very extensive evaluation when the purchase is very involving. On the contrary, purchases with low involvement will lead to simple evaluation and quick decision making (Schiffman, 2004). Post Purchase Activities: This stage is concerned with the satisfaction or dissatisfaction after purchase is made (Solomon et al., 2002). Internet provides good potential for customer satisfaction, as well as help to retain them. Web site can provide free customer support services, which will encourage repeat visits. Additionally, value-added services or feedback can be provided to the customers in order to retain existing customers and attract new (Siyal et al., 2006). 2.5. Benefits of the online shopping As discussed previously, there are a lot of factors that affect consumers purchasing process. Those factors reflect both, advantages as well as disadvantages of Internet as a shopping medium. The advantages or benefits of online shopping considered by customers described as the followings. 2.5.1 Convenience The customers expect online shopping to be easier and more convenient than as compare to traditional (Shun, 2006). Convenience is appearing very obvious at the stage of information search. According to Kotler (2003) The Internet is an almost perfect market due to the fact that information provided immediately and buyers can make a comparison of offers globally. As a result, consumers require minimal effort and time in order to compare and contrast competitive products. 2.5.2. Time saving According to Rayport et al. (2003) those who buy clothing on Web most often appreciate time saving. The process of locating merchants, finding items and procure offerings is easier in online environment (Maruca, 1999), which means online shopping can economize on time. Consumers do not require leaving their houses and spent time for travelling in order to make merchandise. Additionally, online environment allows browsing for needed items by size, category or price. Browsing and time benefits of online shopping represent the positive perception of e-satisfaction (Lichtenthal, 2004). 2.5.3. Product related benefits Comparing with a conventional retailer, e-retailer is able to offer a more wider range of products, because e-retailer do not have physical restrictions in terms of the amount and cost of floor space which is needed to display goods (Kanttila, 2005). Furthermore, it is less costly and easier for e-retailer to form alliances with other supplier, which brings more extensive inventories. 2.5.4. Lower price Internet enhances customer knowledge about pricing. In online environment customers are able to visit sites of competitors and compare the prices; moreover intermediaries provide price comparisons, which make process of evaluation more convenient and time saving (Gunasekaran et al., 2004). This transparency of price increases the competition between e-retailers and drives the price down. Furthermore the cost for performing online business is lower than for offline (e.g. minimal staffing cost, no retail space costs), this also lead to lower prices (Brown et al., 2003). However, some researches show those consumers are ready to pay for the online products same as for offline in exchange for the convenience (Rayport et al., 2003). 2.6. Perceived risks of online shopping Perceived risk can be defined as the uncertainty which arise when customer cannot predict the consequences of purchase decision (Farley et al., 1973). The level of risk can vary depending on individuals, personality, situation and product. However, perceived risk can be reduced to some acceptable level in any purchase situation. 2.6.1. Risk of privacy Privacy may mean diverse things to different people. Generally privacy refers to a moral right of individuals to avoid interruption interruptions into their personal life and affairs by third parties (Rotem-Mindali et al., 2006). Privacy is the main factor which stops many consumers from online shopping. Most of the time individuals get afraid that their private information can be sold, used, shared or discovered in an incorrect manner. According to Kanttila (2005)  fears and concerns of online purchasing reduce online purchasing decisions. 2.6.2. Security risk Security risks are often related to privacy issues. Security, especially online payment security is one of the main concerns for the consumers in e-shopping (Shun, 2006). Even the Internet and advanced technology improving fast, there are still high proportion of online users who are very cautious about making online purchase due to the concerns over credit and debit card security. Majority of customers have concerns whether the company is legal and private information will be not distributed to third parties, due to high percentage of hackers operating online (Siyal et al., 2006). 2.6.3. Lack of inspection before purchase Absence of direct sensory cues is another perceived risk, which is often mentioned both by marketers and customers. According to Schiffman Kanuk (2004 the fact that consumers are unable to touch products offered online is considered as significant drawback. This fact leads to more uncertainties regarding online shopping, because consumers have doubts about quality of the purchased product. This is also the reason why a lot of products which require high involvement are seldom purchased online (Rayport et al., 2003). 2.6.4. Risk of delivery Another drawback of online purchase is time between the purchase was made and time it received. When purchasing online, consumers cannot obtain the purchased product directly after transaction (Mutz, 2005). After the transaction was made the product will reach customer via home/office delivery sometime later. Therefore the reliability of delivery is another concerning issue. Additional problem which involved in delivery process is speed. One more issue to consider about home delivery is the presence of customer at home (Lichtenthal, 2004). Sometimes time of the delivery can be uncertain, and such situation can also lead to uncertainty. 2.6.5. Risk of returning Product returns are essential for the customers convenience and satisfaction. Majority of researches shows that the rate of online returns are low, however it is only due to the fact that customers find the process of returning is too complex (Constantinides, 2004). Such disgruntled customers are unlikely to continue online shopping in future (Case, 2002). Another issue in returning goods is that money usually are paid through credit or debit card, and here arise another problem of returning money back on the customer account, which depend not on e-company, but on the bank through which purchase was done. 2.7. Summary It is unarguable that the Internet has become an important part of peoples lives, enabling the fast growth of e-commerce. Currently, e-commerce is making improvements in customers satisfaction and tries to involve more people in online business environment (Chen Dubinsky, 2003). Consumer perception is the creator of customer performance, at the same time customer actions are the output of consumer perception (Citrin et al., 2000). It is useful to understand factors which influence buyers perception and purchasing behaviour. The adaptation of Internet creates a great impact on purchasing behaviour by providing more information, facilitating evaluation and decision making, and after-sales feedback. Additionally, online shopping includes different benefits and risks related to factors influencing consumer purchasing behaviour. The main benefits of online shopping are: Convenience Time saving Great product choice Product customization Lower prices The most common perceived risks of online shopping are: Privacy risks Security risks Lack of inspection Delivery issues Inconvenience of returning References Anonymous (2009) Asia Internet Usage and population [online] Available at http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm#asia [accessed 4 July 2010] Anonymous (NY) Buyer Behaviour decision-making process[online] Available at http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_decision_process.asp [accessed 4 July 2010] Anonymous (2009) Focus on customers to increase sales marketing tips[online] Available at http://www.slideshare.net/roymogg/marketing-focus-on-the-customer-presentation [accessed 3 July 2010] Ajzen, Icek Fishbein, Martin (1980) Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. Prentice Hall; Facsimile edition, pp. 63-245 Andreasen, A. (1997).  Prescriptions for Theory-Driven Social Marketing Research: A Response to Goldbergs Alarms.  Journal of Consumer Psychology, 6(2), 189-196. Bag, M. (2009). Some models of consumer Behaviour [online] Available at http://vlrcmbag.blogspot.com/2009/03/some-models-of-consumer-behaviour.html [accessed 4 July 2010] Bellman, S., Johnson, E. J., Lohse, G. L., Mandel, N. (2006).  Designing Marketplaces of the Artificial With Consumers in Mind: Four Approaches to Understanding Consumer Behavior in Electronic Environments.  Journal of Interactive Marketing, 20, 21-33. Blackwell, R.D., Miniard, P.W. Engel, J.F. (2000) Consumer Behaviour, USA New York: Fort Worth, Har- court College  Publishers Breitenbach Craig S., Van Doren Doris C., (1998) Value-added marketing in the digital domain: enhancing the utility of the Internet, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 15 Iss: 6, pp.558 575 Brown, M., Pope, N., Voges, K., (2003). Buying or browsing? An exploration on shopping orientations and online purchase intention. European Jornal of Marketing, 37 (11/12), pp. 1666-1684 Buyuko Zumi; Kan, Gulcin (2004); Multi-criteria decision making for e-market place selection Internet Research; 2004, Vol. 14, Issue 2 Carla, Ruiz, Mafe, Carlos, Lassala, Navsrre (2006). Segmenting consumers by E-shopping Behaviour and online purchase. [online] Available at http://jib.debii.curtin.edu.au/iss03_mafe.pdf [accessed 4 July 2010] Case, Anne-Sophie (2002), Perceived Risk and Risk-Reduction Strategies in Internet Shopping  International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. 12 (4), 375-394. Chen Z. Dubinsky A. J. (2003) A Conseptual Model of Perceived Customer Value in E-Commerce: A Preliminary Investigation,  Psychology Marketing, Vol. 20, No. 4, 323-347. Chuan-Fong Shih; Dedrick, Jason; Kraemer, Kenneth L. (2005). Rule of Law and the International Diffusion of e-Commerce Communications of the ACM Nov 2005, Vol. 48, Issue 11 Citrin, A.V., Sprott, D.E., Silverman S. N., and Stem, D.E, Jr. (2000), Adoption of internet Shopping: The Role of Consumer Innovativeness,  Industrial Management Data System, 10017, 294-300. Constantinides, Efthymios (2004), Influencing the online consumers behavior Web experience, vol.14 No 2, pp. 111- 126 Demangeot C., Broderick A. J.,(2007) Conceptualising consumer behavior in online shopping environments,  International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 35, No. 11, 878-894. Donald R. Lehmann, Terrance V. OBrien, John U. Farley and John A. Howard, (1974) Some Empirical Contributions to Buyer Behavior Theory,  Journal of Consumer Research, 1, 43-55. Dr Wee Keng Neo, Lynda (2009) Cyberbuying in China, Hong Kong Singapore: Tracking the profile of on-line buyers [online] Available at http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statsres/conferences/ecommerce/r308.pdff [accessed 4 July 2010] Eastlick M.A., Lotz S.,(1999) Profiling Potential Adopters and Non-adopters of an Interactive Electronic Shopping Medium,  International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 27, 6, 209-223. Eastlick, M.A., Lotz, S.L. and Warrington, P., (2006) Understanding online B-to-C Relationship: An Integrated Model of Privacy Concerns, Trust, and Commitment,Journal of